A condition in which a neuron severely reduces its electrical activity without completely stopping functioning.
Unlike an active neuron that transmits signals continuously, a quiescent neuron retains its basic functions while conserving its energy. This allows the brain to remain efficient and responsive while limiting the metabolic depletion of nerve cells.
Mechanisms and regulation
This dynamic rest is based on the modulation of ion channels and the action of regulatory proteins that adjust neuronal excitability. In some areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus or cortex, populations of neurons regularly pass through this state. During deep sleep, neuronal quiescence promotes the recovery and consolidation of information acquired during the day, while maintaining minimal alertness to important stimulations.
Physiological Role and Implications
Neuronal quiescence is not inactivity: it preserves energy, protects against oxidative stress and reorganizes neural networks. This mechanism contributes to learning and memory by selecting and reinforcing the most relevant circuits. Disturbances in this balance, such as an excess or deficit of quiescence, may be related to cognitive disorders, sleep disorders or certain neurodegenerative diseases.
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