Autism or autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder with two main symptoms: persistent deficits in communication and social interaction in a variety of contexts, and restricted and repetitive behaviour, interests and activities.
ASD affects around 1% of the population. The severity of the disorder varies greatly from person to person. Around 30% of people with autism have an associated intellectual development disorder.
The disorder begins in early childhood and persists throughout life.
The biological causes and mechanisms of autism
There is no single cause of autism. Current research points to a combination of genetic, neurological and environmental factors (e.g. exposure to certain drugs during pregnancy). Abnormalities in brain development have been observed in foetuses, particularly in specialised neuronal networks, and more than 100 predisposition genes have been identified to date.
The symptoms and diagnosis of autism
The clinical picture presented by people with ASD varies greatly from one person to another in terms of symptoms and severity. However, two elements characterise these disorders:
- A permanent and persistent deficit in communication and interaction with others.
- Repetitive and/or ritual behaviours associated with fixed interests or activities that are highly restricted to certain areas.
The diagnosis of ASD is based on formal standardised tests carried out by specialised professionals (psychologists, neuropsychologists, psychomotor therapists, speech therapists, doctors, etc.). It can be carried out at any age.
Support for autistic people
Support for people with autism is generally multidisciplinary. It is based on observations made during diagnostic and functional assessments. Some support may be provided in groups, such as social skills groups. Support is also provided for associated disorders, which are very common in autism. There is no drug treatment for ASD. Certain medications may be prescribed for associated disorders or to reduce behavioural problems.
